IOVERSOL: 1,521 Adverse Event Reports & Safety Profile

11 DESCRIPTION

11.1 Chemical Characteristics OPTIRAY (ioversol injection) is a non-ionic radiographic contrast agent. OPTIRAY formulations are sterile, nonpyrogenic, aqueous solutions intended for intravascular use. Ioversol is designated chemically as N,N '-Bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5-[ N -(2-hydroxyethyl) -glycolamido] -2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamide. The molecular weight of ioversol is 807.11 and the organically bound iodine content is 47.2%. The structural formula of ioversol is as follows: OPTIRAY is available in three strengths: OPTIRAY 300 (ioversol injection 64%): Each mL contains 300 mg organically bound iodine, 636 mg ioversol, 3.6 mg, tromethamine, 0.2 mg edetate calcium disodium. OPTIRAY 320 (ioversol injection 68%): Each mL contains 320 mg organically bound iodine, 678 mg of ioversol, 3.6 mg tromethamine, 0.2 mg edetate calcium disodium. OPTIRAY 350 (ioversol injection 74%): Each mL contains 350 mg organically bound iodine, 741 mg ioversol, 3.6 mg tromethamine, 0.2 mg edetate calcium disodium. The pH of the OPTIRAY formulations is adjusted to 6.0 to 7.4 with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. All solutions are sterilized by autoclaving and contain no preservatives. Ioversol does not dissociate in solution. structure

11.2 Physical Characteristics Some physical and chemical properties of these formulations are listed below: OPTIRAY 300 OPTIRAY 320 OPTIRAY 350 Ioversol content (mg/mL) 636 678 741 Iodine content (mg I/mL) 300 320 350 Osmolality (mOsm/kg water) 651 702 792 Viscosity (cps) at 25°C 8.2 9.9 14.3 at 37°C 5.5 5.8

9.0 Specific Gravity at 37°C 1.352 1.371

1.405 The OPTIRAY formulations are clear, colorless to pale yellow solutions containing no undissolved solids. Crystallization does not occur at room temperature. OPTIRAY solutions have osmolalities 1.8 to 2.8 times that of plasma (285 mOsm/kg water) as shown in the above table and are hypertonic under conditions of use.

AND USAGE OPTIRAY is indicated for: OPTIRAY is a radiographic contrast agent indicated for the following: Intra-arterial Procedures ( 1.1 ) Adults: Cerebral Arteriography (300, 320 mg iodine/mL)

Peripheral

Arteriography (300, 320, 350 mg iodine/mL ) Visceral and Renal Arteriography, Aortography (320 mg iodine/mL)

Coronary

Arteriography and Left Ventriculography (320, 350 mg iodine/mL)

Pediatric

Patients: Angiocardiography (320, 350 mg iodine/mL)

Intravenous

Procedures ( 1.2 ) Adults: Computed tomography (CT) Imaging of Head and Body (300, 320, 350 mg iodine/mL) Venography (300, 320, 350 mg iodine/mL)

Intravenous Excretory

Urography (300, 320, 350 mg iodine/mL)

Intravenous Digital Subtraction

Angiography (350 mg iodine/mL)

Pediatric

Patients: CT Imaging of the Head and Body, and Intravenous Excretory Urography (320 mg iodine/mL)

1.1 Intra-arterial In adults OPTIRAY 300: cerebral arteriography and peripheral arteriography. OPTIRAY 320: cerebral arteriography, peripheral arteriography, visceral and renal arteriography, aortography, coronary arteriography, and left ventriculography. OPTIRAY 350: peripheral arteriography coronary arteriography, and left ventriculography. In pediatric patients OPTIRAY 320 and OPTIRAY 350: angiocardiography.

1.2 Intra-venous In adults OPTIRAY 300: CT imaging of the head and body, venography, and intravenous excretory urography. OPTIRAY 320: CT imaging of the head and body, venography, and intravenous excretory urography. OPTIRAY 350: CT imaging of the head and body, venography, intravenous excretory urography, and intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV-DSA). In pediatric patients OPTIRAY 320: CT imaging of the head and body, and intravenous excretory urography.

AND ADMINISTRATION The Imaging Bulk Package is not for direct infusion. Adjust the volume and concentration of OPTIRAY. Modify the dose accounting for factors such as age, body weight, vessel size, blood flow rate within the vessel. Please see details in full Prescribing Information. ( 2 )

2.1 Important Administration Instructions OPTIRAY is for intravascular use only <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Boxed Warning, Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]</span> . Use sterile technique for all handling and administration of OPTIRAY. Inspect glass container prior to use for breakage or other damage and do not use damaged containers. Warm OPTIRAY and administer at body or room temperature. Inspect OPTIRAY for particulate matter or discoloration before administration. Do not administer if OPTIRAY contains particulate matter or is discolored. Do not mix OPTIRAY with other drugs, solutions or total parenteral nutrition mixtures. Use the lowest dose necessary to obtain adequate visualization. Adjust the volume and concentration of OPTIRAY. Modify the dose accounting for factors such as age, body weight, vessel size, blood flow rate within the vessel, anticipated pathology, degree and extent of opacification required, structure(s) or area to be examined, disease processes affecting the patient, and equipment and technique to be employed. Avoid extravasation when injecting OPTIRAY; especially in patients with severe arterial or venous disease <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )]</span> . Hydrate patients before and after OPTIRAY administration <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )]</span>.

2.2 Intra-arterial Procedures in Adults Cerebral Arteriography Use OPTIRAY 320. The recommended dose for visualization of cerebral arteries is shown below (may repeat as necessary): Diagnostic area Dose Maximum Cumulative Dose carotid or vertebral arteries 2 to 12 mL 200 mL aortic arch injection (four vessel study) 20 to 50 mL 200 mL Peripheral Arteriography Use OPTIRAY 320 or OPTIRAY 350. The recommended dose for visualization of peripheral arteries is shown below (may repeat as necessary): Diagnostic area Dose Maximum Cumulative Dose aorta-iliac runoff 60 mL (range 20 to 90 mL) 250 mL common iliac, femoral 40 mL (range 10 to 50 mL) 250 mL subclavian, brachial 20 mL (range 15 to 30 mL) 250 mL Visceral and Renal Arteriography and Aortography Use OPTIRAY 320. The recommended dose for visualization for the aorta and visceral arteries is shown below (may repeat as necessary): Diagnostic area Dose Maximum Cumulative Dose aorta 45 mL (range 10 to 80 mL) 250 mL celiac 45 mL (range 12 to 60 mL) 250 mL superior mesenteric 45 mL (range 15 to 60 mL) 250 mL renal or inferior mesenteric 9 mL (range 6 to 15 mL) 250 mL Coronary Arteriography and Left Ventriculography Use OPTIRAY 320 or OPTIRAY 350. The recommended dose for visualization of the coronary arteries and left ventricle is shown below (may repeat as necessary): Diagnostic area Dose Maximum Cumulative Dose left coronary 8 mL (range 2 to 10 mL) 250 mL right coronary 6 mL (range 1 to 10 mL) 250 mL left ventricle 40 mL (range 30 to 50 mL) 250 mL

2.3 Intravenous Procedures in Adults Computed Tomography Use OPTIRAY 320 or OPTIRAY 350 for head and body imaging.

Head Imaging

The recommended dosing is shown below: Scan immediately after completion of the intravenous administration. Infusion OPTIRAY 320 50 to 150 mL OPTIRAY 350 50 to 150 mL Body Imaging OPTIRAY may be administered by bolus injection, by rapid infusion, or by a combination of both. The recommended dosing is shown below: Scanning interval will vary with indication and target organ Bolus Injection Infusion OPTIRAY 320 25 to 75mL 50 to 150 mL OPTIRAY 350 25 to 75mL 50 to 150 mL Venography Use OPTIRAY 320 or OPTIRAY 350. The recommended dose is 50 to 100 mL per extremity; with a maximum cumulative dose of 250 mL.

Intravenous Urography

Use OPTIRAY 350 or OPTIRAY 320. The recommended dose is shown below: Usual Dose High Dose Urography Maximum Dose OPTIRAY 320 50 to 75mL 1.5 to 2 mL/kg 150 mL OPTIRAY 350 50 to 75mL 1.4 mL/kg 150 mL Intravenous Digital Subtraction Angiography (IV-DSA) Use OPTIRAY 350. The recommended dose range per injection is 30 to 50 mL; may repeat as necessary with a maximum cumulative dose of 250mL. Injection rates will vary depending on the site of catheter placement and vessel size. Central catheter injections are usually made at a rate of between 10 and 30 mL/second. Peripheral injections are usually made at a rate of between 12 and 20 mL/second.

2.4 Pediatric Dosing Intra-arterial Procedures Angiocardiography Use OPTIRAY 350 or OPTIRAY 320. The recommended single ventricular dose is 1.25 mL/kg (range 1 mL/kg to 1.5 mL/kg). The maximum cumulative dose is 5 mL/kg up to a maximum total volume of 250 mL.

Intravenous Procedures Computed Tomography

Use OPTIRAY 320. Head and Body Imaging The recommended dose in pediatric patients is 1.5 mL/kg to 2 mL/kg (range 1 mL/kg to 3 mL/kg).

Intravenous Urography

Use OPTIRAY 320. The recommended dose for pediatric patients is 1 mL/kg to 1.5 mL/kg (range 0.5 mL/kg to 3 mL/kg); with a maximum cumulative dose not exceeding 3 mL/kg.

2.5 OPTIRAY Imaging Bulk Package Instruction The Imaging Bulk Package is not for direct infusion. The OPTIRAY ® Imaging Bulk Package (IBP) is for use only with an automated contrast injection system, contrast management system, or contrast media transfer set cleared for use with this contrast agent in this Imaging Bulk Package. See device labeling for information on devices indicated for use with this Imaging Bulk Package and techniques to help assure safe use. The OPTIRAY ® Imaging Bulk Package is to be used in an imaging room designated to perform radiological procedures that involves administration of an intravascular contrast agent. Utilize sterile technique for penetrating the container closure of the OPTIRAY ® Imaging Bulk Package and transferring OPTIRAY ® solution. The container closure may be penetrated only one time with a suitable sterile component of the automated contrast injection system, contrast management system, or contrast media transfer set cleared for use with this Imaging Bulk Package. Do not use if tamper-evident ring is broken or missing. The OPTIRAY ® Imaging Bulk Package container closure can only be penetrated one time. Once penetrated, suspend and maintain the Imaging Bulk Package container in an inverted position for the specified duration of its use. During the entire period of use, ensure that the contents of the OPTIRAY ® Imaging Bulk Package container are in continuous contact with the contrast media transfer set, automated contrast injector system or contrast management system. Do not remove the dispensing set from the OPTIRAY ® Imaging Bulk Package container closure to ensure the protection of the contrast media against any possible contamination. The OPTIRAY ® Imaging Bulk Package can be used for a maximum of 12-hours once the container closure has been penetrated. Discard any unused contrast media and associated consumables 12-hours after the initial penetration of the OPTIRAY ® Imaging Bulk Package. OPTIRAY ® in this Imaging Bulk Package should be stored at 25°C (77°F), excursion is permitted from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).

Symptomatic hyperthyroidism.

Symptomatic

Hyperthyroidism ( 4 )

REACTIONS The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Risks Associated with Inadvertent Intrathecal Administration [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]

Hypersensitivity

Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )]

Contrast Induced Acute Kidney

Injury [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )]

Cardiovascular Adverse

Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )]

Thromboembolic

Events [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]

Thyroid

Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients 0 to 3 Years of Age [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )]

Severe Cutaneous Adverse

Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11 )] The most common reaction is nausea, occurring at a rate of 1 percent. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact LIEBEL-FLARSHEIM COMPANY LLC at 855-266-5037 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Adult Patients Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The following listing shows adverse reactions based upon clinical trials with OPTIRAY (ioversol) in 4,187 patients. Adverse reactions are listed by organ system according to clinical importance. More severe reactions are listed before others in a system regardless of incidence. The most common reaction is nausea, occurring at a rate of 1 percent. Cardiac disorders Cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atrioventricular block complete, atrioventricular block, nodal rhythm, bradycardia, angina pectoris, palpitations Ear and labyrinth disorders Vertigo, tinnitus Eye disorders Vision blurred, periorbital edema, conjunctivitis Gastrointestinal disorders Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, dry mouth General disorders and administration site conditions Chest pain, pain, injection site pain, injection site hematoma, extravasation, pyrexia, swelling, asthenia, malaise, fatigue, chills Infections and infestations Rhinitis Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications Heart injury, vascular pseudoaneurysm Investigations Electrocardiogram ST segment depression, blood pressure decreased Metabolism and nutrition disorders Acidosis Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Muscular weakness, muscle spasms, back pain Nervous system disorders Cerebral infarction, aphasia, tremor, dizziness, presyncope, headache, paraesthesia, dysgeusia Psychiatric disorders Hallucination, visual hallucination, disorientation, anxiety Renal and urinary disorders Urinary retention, renal pain, polyuria Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders Laryngeal edema, hypoxia, pulmonary edema, dyspnea, hyperventilation, cough, sneezing, nasal congestion Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Urticaria, rash, pruritus, swelling face, hyperhidrosis, erythema Vascular disorders Hypertension, hypotension, arterial spasm, vasospasm, vasodilation, flushing Pediatric Patients In clinical studies involving 311 patients for pediatric angiocardiography, contrast enhanced computed tomographic imaging of the head and body, and intravenous excretory urography; 6% of patients reported an adverse reaction, with the most common adverse reactions being nausea and fever. Adverse reactions reported were similar in quality and frequency to the adverse events reported by adults.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following additional adverse drug reactions have been reported during post-approval use of OPTIRAY. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Cardiac disorders: coronary artery spasm, cyanosis, arrhythmia (ventricular fibrillation, tachycardia, extrasystole), ECG abnormal. Endocrine disorders: hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism. Eye disorders: temporary blindness, conjunctivitis (including eye irritation, ocular hyperemia, watery eyes). Gastrointestinal disorders: tongue edema, salivary hypersecretion. General disorders and administration site conditions: injection site reactions including pain, hemorrhage, and necrosis especially after extravasation <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )]</span> , face edema, feeling hot. Immune system disorders: hypersensitivity reactions including fatal anaphylactic shock. Nervous system disorders: seizure, loss of consciousness, somnolence, hypoesthesia, dyskinesia, amnesia. Respiratory disorders: Respiratory arrest, asthma, bronchospasm, laryngeal spasm and obstruction, throat irritation, dysphonia. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Reactions range from mild (e.g. rash, erythema, pruritus, urticaria, and skin discoloration) to severe: [e.g. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN)], acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).

Vascular

Disorders: phlebitis, thrombosis.

AND PRECAUTIONS Hypersensitivity Reactions: life-threatening or fatal reactions can occur. Always have emergency equipment and trained personnel available. ( 5.2 )

Contrast Induced Acute Kidney

Injury: Acute injury, including renal failure, can occur. Minimize dose and maintain adequate hydration to minimize risk. ( 5.3 )

Cardiovascular Adverse

Reactions: hemodynamic disturbances including shock and cardiac arrest may occur during or after administration. ( 5.4 )

Thyroid

Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients 0 to 3 Years of Age: Individualize thyroid function monitoring based on risk factors such as prematurity. ( 5.8 )

5.1 Risks Associated with Inadvertent Intrathecal Administration OPTIRAY is indicated for intravascular use only <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 )]</span> . Inadvertent intrathecal administration can cause death, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, coma, paralysis, arachnoiditis, acute renal failure, cardiac arrest, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, and brain edema.

5.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions OPTIRAY can cause life-threatening or fatal hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock. Manifestations include respiratory arrest, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, angioedema, and shock. Most severe reactions develop shortly after the start of the injection (e.g. within 1 to 3 minutes), but delayed reactions may occur. There is an increased risk in patients with a history of a previous reaction to contrast agent, and known allergies (i.e., bronchial asthma, drug, or food allergies), and other hypersensitivities. Premedication with antihistamines or corticosteroids to avoid or minimize possible allergic reactions does not prevent serious life-threatening reactions, but may reduce both their incidence and severity. Obtain a history of allergy, hypersensitivity, or prior hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast agents. Always have emergency resuscitation equipment and trained personnel available and monitor all patients for hypersensitivity reactions.

5.3 Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury Acute kidney injury, including renal failure, may occur after OPTIRAY administration. Risk factors include: pre-existing renal impairment, dehydration, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, advanced vascular disease, elderly age, concomitant use of nephrotoxic or diuretic medications, multiple myeloma / paraproteinaceous diseases, repetitive and/or large doses of an iodinated contrast agent. Use the lowest necessary dose of OPTIRAY in patients with renal impairment. Adequately hydrate patients prior to and following OPTIRAY administration. Do not use laxatives, diuretics, or preparatory dehydration prior to OPTIRAY administration.

5.4 Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions OPTIRAY increases the circulatory osmotic load and may induce acute or delayed hemodynamic disturbances in patients with congestive heart failure, severely impaired renal function, combined renal and hepatic disease, combined renal and cardiac disease, particularly when repetitive or large doses are administered. Life-threatening or fatal cardiovascular reactions have occurred with the use of OPTIRAY, including cardiac arrest, hypotensive collapse, and shock. Most deaths occur within 10 minutes of injection; with cardiovascular disease as the main underlying factor. Cardiac decompensation, serious arrhythmias, and myocardial ischemia or infarction can occur during coronary arteriography and ventriculography. Based upon literature reports, deaths from the administration of iodinated contrast agents range from 6.6 per 1 million (0.00066 percent) to 1 in 10,000 patients (0.01 percent). Use the lowest necessary dose of OPTIRAY in patients with congestive heart failure and always have emergency resuscitation equipment and trained personnel available. Monitor all patients for severe cardiovascular reactions.

5.5 Thromboembolic Events Angiocardiography Serious, fatal, thromboembolic events causing myocardial infarction and stroke can occur during angiographic procedures with OPTIRAY. During these procedures, increased thrombosis and activation of the complement system occurs. Risk factors for thromboembolic events include: length of procedure, catheter and syringe material, underlying disease state, and concomitant medications. To minimize thromboembolic events use meticulous angiographic technique. Avoid blood remaining in contact with syringes containing OPTIRAY, which increases the risk of clotting. Avoid angiocardiography in patients with homocystinuria because of the risk of inducing thrombosis and embolism <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 )]</span> .

5.6 Extravasation and Injection Site Reactions Extravasation can occur with OPTIRAY administration, particularly in patients with severe arterial or venous disease and can be associated with pain, hemorrhage and necrosis. Ensure intravascular placement of catheters prior to injection. Monitor patients for extravasation and advise patients to seek medical care for progression of symptoms.

5.7 Thyroid Storm in Patients with Hyperthyroidism OPTIRAY is contraindicated in patients with symptomatic hyperthyroidism <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Contraindications ( 4 )]</span> . Thyroid storm has occurred following the intravascular use of iodinated radiopaque agents in patients with hyperthyroidism or with an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule. Evaluate the risk in such patients before use of OPTIRAY.

5.8 Thyroid Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients 0 to 3 Years of Age Thyroid dysfunction characterized by hypothyroidism or transient thyroid suppression has been reported after both single exposure and multiple exposures to iodinated contrast media (ICM) in pediatric patients 0 to 3 years of age. Younger age, very low birth weight, prematurity, underlying medical conditions affecting thyroid function, admission to neonatal or pediatric intensive care units, and congenital cardiac conditions are associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism after ICM exposure. Pediatric patients with congenital cardiac conditions may be at the greatest risk given that they often require high doses of contrast during invasive cardiac procedures. An underactive thyroid during early life may be harmful for cognitive and neurological development and may require thyroid hormone replacement therapy. After exposure to ICM, individualize thyroid function monitoring based on underlying risk factors, especially in term and preterm neonates.

5.9 Hypertensive Crisis in Patients with Pheochromocytoma Hypertensive crisis has occurred after the use of iodinated radiopaque contrast agents in patient with pheochromocytoma. Closely monitor patients when administering OPTIRAY if pheochromocytoma or catecholamine-secreting paraganglioma is suspected. Inject the minimum amount of OPTIRAY necessary and have measures for treatment of hypertensive crisis readily available.

5.10 Sickle Cell Crisis in Patients with Sickl Cell Disease Iodinated contrast agents may promote sickling in individuals who are homozygous for sickle cell disease. Hydrate patients prior to and following OPTIRAY administration, use OPTIRAY only if the necessary imaging information cannot be obtained with alternative imaging modalities, and inject the minimum amount necessary.

5.11 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) may develop from 1 hour to several weeks after intravascular contrast agent administration. These reactions include Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Reaction severity may increase and time to onset may decrease with repeat administration of a contrast agent; prophylactic medications may not prevent or mitigate severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Avoid administering OPTIRAY to patients with a history of a severe cutaneous adverse reaction to OPTIRAY.

5.1 Risks Associated with Inadvertent Intrathecal Administration OPTIRAY is indicated for intravascular use only <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 )]</span> . Inadvertent intrathecal administration can cause death, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, coma, paralysis, arachnoiditis, acute renal failure, cardiac arrest, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, and brain edema.

5.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions OPTIRAY can cause life-threatening or fatal hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock. Manifestations include respiratory arrest, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, angioedema, and shock. Most severe reactions develop shortly after the start of the injection (e.g. within 1 to 3 minutes), but delayed reactions may occur. There is an increased risk in patients with a history of a previous reaction to contrast agent, and known allergies (i.e., bronchial asthma, drug, or food allergies), and other hypersensitivities. Premedication with antihistamines or corticosteroids to avoid or minimize possible allergic reactions does not prevent serious life-threatening reactions, but may reduce both their incidence and severity. Obtain a history of allergy, hypersensitivity, or prior hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast agents. Always have emergency resuscitation equipment and trained personnel available and monitor all patients for hypersensitivity reactions.

5.3 Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury Acute kidney injury, including renal failure, may occur after OPTIRAY administration. Risk factors include: pre-existing renal impairment, dehydration, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, advanced vascular disease, elderly age, concomitant use of nephrotoxic or diuretic medications, multiple myeloma / paraproteinaceous diseases, repetitive and/or large doses of an iodinated contrast agent. Use the lowest necessary dose of OPTIRAY in patients with renal impairment. Adequately hydrate patients prior to and following OPTIRAY administration. Do not use laxatives, diuretics, or preparatory dehydration prior to OPTIRAY administration.

5.4 Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions OPTIRAY increases the circulatory osmotic load and may induce acute or delayed hemodynamic disturbances in patients with congestive heart failure, severely impaired renal function, combined renal and hepatic disease, combined renal and cardiac disease, particularly when repetitive or large doses are administered. Life-threatening or fatal cardiovascular reactions have occurred with the use of OPTIRAY, including cardiac arrest, hypotensive collapse, and shock. Most deaths occur within 10 minutes of injection; with cardiovascular disease as the main underlying factor. Cardiac decompensation, serious arrhythmias, and myocardial ischemia or infarction can occur during coronary arteriography and ventriculography. Based upon literature reports, deaths from the administration of iodinated contrast agents range from 6.6 per 1 million (0.00066 percent) to 1 in 10,000 patients (0.01 percent). Use the lowest necessary dose of OPTIRAY in patients with congestive heart failure and always have emergency resuscitation equipment and trained personnel available. Monitor all patients for severe cardiovascular reactions.

5.5 Thromboembolic Events Angiocardiography Serious, fatal, thromboembolic events causing myocardial infarction and stroke can occur during angiographic procedures with OPTIRAY. During these procedures, increased thrombosis and activation of the complement system occurs. Risk factors for thromboembolic events include: length of procedure, catheter and syringe material, underlying disease state, and concomitant medications. To minimize thromboembolic events use meticulous angiographic technique. Avoid blood remaining in contact with syringes containing OPTIRAY, which increases the risk of clotting. Avoid angiocardiography in patients with homocystinuria because of the risk of inducing thrombosis and embolism <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 )]</span> .

5.6 Extravasation and Injection Site Reactions Extravasation can occur with OPTIRAY administration, particularly in patients with severe arterial or venous disease and can be associated with pain, hemorrhage and necrosis. Ensure intravascular placement of catheters prior to injection. Monitor patients for extravasation and advise patients to seek medical care for progression of symptoms.

5.7 Thyroid Storm in Patients with Hyperthyroidism OPTIRAY is contraindicated in patients with symptomatic hyperthyroidism <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Contraindications ( 4 )]</span> . Thyroid storm has occurred following the intravascular use of iodinated radiopaque agents in patients with hyperthyroidism or with an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule. Evaluate the risk in such patients before use of OPTIRAY.

5.8 Thyroid Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients 0 to 3 Years of Age Thyroid dysfunction characterized by hypothyroidism or transient thyroid suppression has been reported after both single exposure and multiple exposures to iodinated contrast media (ICM) in pediatric patients 0 to 3 years of age. Younger age, very low birth weight, prematurity, underlying medical conditions affecting thyroid function, admission to neonatal or pediatric intensive care units, and congenital cardiac conditions are associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism after ICM exposure. Pediatric patients with congenital cardiac conditions may be at the greatest risk given that they often require high doses of contrast during invasive cardiac procedures. An underactive thyroid during early life may be harmful for cognitive and neurological development and may require thyroid hormone replacement therapy. After exposure to ICM, individualize thyroid function monitoring based on underlying risk factors, especially in term and preterm neonates.

5.9 Hypertensive Crisis in Patients with Pheochromocytoma Hypertensive crisis has occurred after the use of iodinated radiopaque contrast agents in patient with pheochromocytoma. Closely monitor patients when administering OPTIRAY if pheochromocytoma or catecholamine-secreting paraganglioma is suspected. Inject the minimum amount of OPTIRAY necessary and have measures for treatment of hypertensive crisis readily available.

5.10 Sickle Cell Crisis in Patients with Sickl Cell Disease Iodinated contrast agents may promote sickling in individuals who are homozygous for sickle cell disease. Hydrate patients prior to and following OPTIRAY administration, use OPTIRAY only if the necessary imaging information cannot be obtained with alternative imaging modalities, and inject the minimum amount necessary.

5.11 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) may develop from 1 hour to several weeks after intravascular contrast agent administration. These reactions include Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Reaction severity may increase and time to onset may decrease with repeat administration of a contrast agent; prophylactic medications may not prevent or mitigate severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Avoid administering OPTIRAY to patients with a history of a severe cutaneous adverse reaction to OPTIRAY.

INTERACTIONS

7.1 Drug-Drug Interactions Metformin In patients with renal impairment, metformin can cause lactic acidosis. Iodinated contrast agents appear to increase the risk of metformin induced lactic acidosis, possibly as a result of worsening renal function. Stop metformin at the time of, or prior to, OPTIRAY administration in patients with an eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ; in patients with a history of hepatic impairment, alcoholism or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast agents. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure, and reinstitute only after renal function is stable.

Radioactive Iodine

Administration of iodinated contrast agents may interfere with thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine (I 131) and decrease therapeutic efficacy in patients with carcinoma of the thyroid. The decrease in efficacy lasts for 6-8 weeks.

Oral Cholecystographic Contrast Agents

Renal toxicity has been reported in patients with liver impairment who were given oral cholecystographic agents followed by intravascular contrast agents. Administration of OPTIRAY should be postponed in patients who have recently received a cholecystographic contrast agent.

7.2 Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions Protein-Bound Iodine, Radioactive Iodine Determinations The results of protein bound iodine and radioactive iodine uptake studies, which depend on iodine estimation, will not accurately reflect thyroid function for up to 16 days following administration of iodinated contrast agent. However, thyroid function tests that do not depend on iodine estimations, e.g., T3 resin uptake and total or free thyroxine (T4) assays are not affected.