MILTEFOSINE: 242 Adverse Event Reports & Safety Profile

IMPAVIDO capsules contain the active ingredient miltefosine, an antileishmanial agent. The chemical name of miltefosine is 2-[[(hexadecyloxy)hydroxyphosphenyl]oxy]-N,N,N-trimethylethylammonium inner salt. Miltefosine is a white powder that is freely soluble in water, 0.1 N HCl or NaOH, methanol, and ethanol. It has the empirical formula of C 21 H 46 NO 4 P with a molecular weight of 407.6 and the following structural formula: The inactive ingredients are colloidal silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, talc, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide, ferric oxide, and purified water.

Structural

Formula

AND USAGE IMPAVIDO (miltefosine) capsules are indicated in adults and adolescents ≥12 years of age weighing ≥ 30 kg for the treatment of: Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani [see Clinical Trials ( 14.1 )] . Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmania guyanensis , and Leishmania panamensis [see Clinical Trials ( 14.2 )] . Mucosal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis [see Clinical Trials ( 14.3 )] . Limitations of Use: Leishmania species studied in clinical trials evaluating IMPAVIDO were based on epidemiologic data [see Clinical Trials ( 14.1 , 14.2 )] . There may be geographic variation in clinical response of the same Leishmania species to IMPAVIDO [see Clinical Trials ( 14.1 , 14.2 )] . The efficacy of IMPAVIDO in the treatment of other Leishmania species has not been evaluated. IMPAVIDO is an antileishmanial drug indicated in adults and adolescents ≥12 years of age weighing ≥30 kg (66 lbs) for treatment of: Visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania donovani ( 1 ). Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania guyanensis, and Leishmania panamensis ( 1 ). Mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis ( 1 ). Limitations of use : Leishmania species evaluated in clinical trials were based on epidemiologic data. There may be geographic variation in the response of the same Leishmania species to IMPAVIDO ( 1 , 14 ). The efficacy of IMPAVIDO in the treatment of other Leishmania species has not been evaluated.

AND ADMINISTRATION The treatment duration is 28 consecutive days. Administer with food to ameliorate gastrointestinal adverse reactions.

Table

1: Miltefosine Dosage Weight Dosage and Administration 30 kg to 44 kg One 50 mg capsule twice daily with food (breakfast and dinner) 45 kg or greater One 50 mg capsule three times daily with food (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) Administer with food to ameliorate gastrointestinal adverse reactions. 30 to 44 kg: one 50 mg capsule twice daily for 28 consecutive days ( 2 ). 45 kg or greater: one 50 mg capsule three times daily for 28 consecutive days ( 2 ).

Pregnancy ( 4.1 , 8.1 , 8.8 , 13.1 ). Sjögren-Larsson-Syndrome ( 4.2 , 12.3 ). Hypersensitivity to miltefosine or any of its excipients ( 4.3 ).

4.1 Pregnancy IMPAVIDO may cause fetal harm. IMPAVIDO is contraindicated in pregnant women. Obtain a urine or serum pregnancy test prior to prescribing IMPAVIDO <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Boxed Warning and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 )]</span> .

4.2 Sjögren-Larsson-Syndrome IMPAVIDO is contraindicated in patients who have Sjögren-Larsson-Syndrome <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]</span> .

4.3 Hypersensitivity IMPAVIDO is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to miltefosine or any IMPAVIDO excipients.

REACTIONS Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Adverse reactions occurring in ≥2% of patients include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, decreased appetite, dizziness, abdominal pain, pruritus, somnolence, elevated transaminases, and elevated creatinine (6.1). To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Profounda, Inc. at 1-866-588-5405 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Visceral Leishmaniasis One Phase 3 trial was conducted in patients ≥ 12 years of age in India. Two-hundred and ninety-nine (299) patients (211 men and 88 women) received oral IMPAVIDO at a target dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day for 28 days (50 mg capsule once daily if weight was less than 25 kg and 50 mg capsule twice daily if weight was 25 kg or greater). Patients ranged between 12 and 64 years of age. Weight ranged between 15 and 67 kg (mean weight 38.6 kg) and BMI ranged between 8.2 and 24 (mean 16.1). Ninety-nine (99) patients received 1 mg/kg/day amphotericin B deoxycholate intravenously every other day for 15 doses. A statistically significant higher percentage of men received IMPAVIDO compared to amphotericin B. Less than 1% of patients who received IMPAVIDO died (2/299) and no patient who received amphotericin B died. Serious adverse reactions were reported in 2% of IMPAVIDO recipients (6/299) and 1% of amphotericin B recipients (1/99).

Approximately

3% of patients discontinued treatment in each treatment arm due to an adverse reaction. Serious adverse reactions and adverse reactions leading to drug discontinuation that were thought to be related or possibly related to IMPAVIDO included Stevens-Johnson syndrome, melena and thrombocytopenia, arthritis and skin rash, CTCAE Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Grade 4 diarrhea (≥10 stools per day) and CTCAE Grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia (≥10x upper limit of normal ULN).

Table

2: Treatment Emergent Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥2% of Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients Receiving IMPAVIDO System Organ Class Preferred Term IMPAVIDO N = 299 Amphotericin B Deoxycholate N = 99 Gastrointestinal Disorders Diarrhea 61 (20.4%) 6 (6.1%)

Vomiting

113 (37.8%) 20 (20.0%)

General Disorders Asthenia

19 (6.3%) 4 (4.0%) Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders Decreased Appetite 69 (23.1%) 22 (22.2%) In this study, creatinine (Cr) elevations ≥ 1.5 times above baseline occurred in approximately 10% of IMPAVIDO recipients and in 40% of amphotericin B recipients at the end of therapy. Ten percent of subjects in each arm had Cr elevations ≥1.5 times above baseline at 6 months follow up. No IMPAVIDO recipient discontinued therapy due to Cr elevation. Elevations of transaminases during therapy occurred in up to half of IMPAVIDO recipients and up to a third of amphotericin B recipients. The elevations were mild (< 3x ULN) or moderate (3-5x ULN) in 94% and 6% respectively of IMPAVIDO-treated patients who experienced an elevation. No patient discontinued therapy due to elevations in transaminases. At the end of therapy, 62% and 2.4% of IMPAVIDO recipients and 54% and 2% of amphotericin B recipients had platelet count < 150,000 and < 50,000 respectively.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

The efficacy of IMPAVIDO in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis was evaluated in one placebo-controlled trial conducted in Colombia and Guatemala and in two comparative trials conducted in Bolivia and Brazil respectively. In the placebo-controlled trial, eighty-nine (89) patients ≥12 years of age received a target IMPAVIDO dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day for 28 days and forty-four (44) received placebo. In the comparative trials, one hundred and twenty (120) patients ≥12 years of age received a target IMPAVIDO dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day for 28 days and fifty eight (58) patients received 20 mg/kg/day pentavalent antimony (meglumine) parenterally for 20 days.

Table

3: Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥2% of IMPAVIDO-Treated Patients ≥12 Years of Age with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Placebo-Controlled Trial System Organ Class Preferred Term IMPAVIDO N = 89 Placebo N = 44 Ear and Labyrinth Disorders Motion Sickness 26 (29.2%) 10 (22.7%)

Gastrointestinal Disorders Abdominal Pain

10 (11.2%) 3 (6.8%)

Diarrhea

7 (7.9%) 2 (4.5%)

Nausea

32 (35.9%) 5 (11.1%)

Vomiting

4 (4.5%) 0 General and Administration Site Disorders Malaise 3 (3.4%) 1 (2.3%)

Pyrexia

5 (5.6%) 2 (4.5%)

Nervous System Disorders Dizziness

4 (4.5%) 0 Headache 25 (28.1%) 10 (22.7%)

Somnolence

3 (3.4%) 0 Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders Pruritus 4 (4.5%) 0 Table 4: Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥2% of IMPAVIDO-Treated Patients ≥ 12 Years of Age with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Two Comparative Trials System Organ Class Preferred Term IMPAVIDO N = 120 Meglumine N = 58 Gastrointestinal Disorders Abdominal Pain 9 (7.5%) 3 (5.2%)

Diarrhea

18 (15.0%) 3 (5.2%)

Nausea

50 (41.7%) 3 (5.2%)

Vomiting

33 (27.5%) 0 Infections and Infestations Lymphangitis 7 (5.8%) 0 Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders Decreased Appetite 13 (10.8%) 4 (5.8%)

Nervous System Disorders Dizziness

15 (12.5%) 4 (6.9%) Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders Pruritus 7 (5.8%) 0 In the placebo controlled trial, 12/89 (13.4%) IMPAVIDO subjects had Cr increases of 1.5-3 times above baseline, compared to 2/44 (4.5%) placebo subjects at end of therapy. In the comparative trial, a similar percentage of subjects who received IMPAVIDO or pentavalent antimony had Cr elevations above baseline at 3 and 6 months after therapy (approximately 5%).

Approximately

25% of IMPAVIDO subjects and 11% of pentavalent antimony subjects had Cr elevations 1.5-3 times above baseline at the end of therapy in the two active controlled trials. The frequency of AST and ALT increase above upper limit of normal at end of therapy was similar in IMPAVIDO and placebo recipients (approximately 5%). Other adverse events seen at <2% incidence in the IMPAVIDO group included anemia, lymphadenopathy, abdominal distension, constipation, dysphagia, flatulence, fatigue, malaise, abscess, cellulitis, ecthyma, paresthesia, testicular pain, testicular swelling, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, urticaria, rash, pyoderma.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during use of IMPAVIDO worldwide. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Blood and Lymphatics Disorders : thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis Gastrointestinal Disorders : melena General Disorders : generalized edema, peripheral edema Hepatobiliary Disorders : jaundice Nervous System Disorders : seizure Reproductive System and Breast Disorders : scrotal pain, decreased ejaculate volume, absent ejaculation.

Vascular

Disorders : epistaxis

AND PRECAUTIONS Embryo-Fetal Toxicity. Do not use in pregnant women. Obtain a urine or serum pregnancy test prior to initiation of therapy. Advise use of effective contraception in females of reproductive potential ( Boxed Warning , 5.1 , 8.1 , 8.8 , 13.1 ). Reproductive effects. Miltefosine caused testicular atrophy and impaired fertility in male rats and impaired fertility in female rats. Advise patients of reproductive toxicities in animal studies and that the potential effects on human fertility have not been adequately evaluated ( 13.1 ).

Renal

Effects. Monitor serum creatinine during therapy and for 4 weeks after end of therapy ( 5.3 , 6.1 ).

Hepatic

Effects. Monitor transaminases and bilirubin during therapy ( 5.4 , 6.1 ).

Gastrointestinal

Effects. Encourage fluid intake ( 5.5 ). Thrombocytopenia. Monitor platelet count during therapy for visceral leishmaniasis ( 5.6 , 6.1 ). Absorption of Oral Contraceptives. Advise use of alternative method of contraception if vomiting and/or diarrhea occur ( 5.7 ). Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Discontinue IMPAVIDO ( 5.8 ).

5.1 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Miltefosine may cause fetal harm. Embryo-fetal toxicity, including death and teratogenicity, was observed in animals administered miltefosine prior to mating, during early pregnancy, and during organogenesis at doses lower than the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD). Do not use IMPAVIDO in pregnant women. Obtain a urine or serum pregnancy test prior to prescribing IMPAVIDO to females of reproductive potential. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during IMPAVIDO therapy and for 5 months after completion of therapy <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Boxed Warning , Contraindications ( 4.1 ) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 , 8.8 )]</span> .

5.2 Reproductive Effects Females Miltefosine caused impaired fertility in rats and reversible follicular atresia and diestrus in dogs at doses approximately 1.0 and 0.2 times respectively the MRHD based on body surface area comparisons <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1 )]</span> . Effects on human female fertility have not been formally studied.

Males

Miltefosine caused reduced viable sperm counts and impaired fertility in rats at doses approximately 0.4 times the MRHD [see Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1 ) ] . A higher dose in rats, approximately 1.0 times the MRHD, caused testicular atrophy and impaired fertility that did not fully reverse 10 weeks after drug administration ended. Scrotal pain and decreased or absent ejaculation during therapy have been reported during IMPAVIDO therapy [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 ) ] . The effects of IMPAVIDO on human male fertility have not been adequately studied. Advise women and men of the animal fertility findings, and that the potential for impaired fertility with IMPAVIDO therapy in humans has not been adequately evaluated.

5.3 Renal Effects Elevations of serum creatinine (Cr) were noted in clinical trials evaluating IMPAVIDO in the treatment of cutaneous, mucosal and visceral leishmaniasis. Monitor renal function weekly in patients receiving IMPAVIDO during therapy and for 4 weeks after end of therapy <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )]</span> .

5.4 Hepatic Effects Elevations in liver transaminases (ALT, AST) and bilirubin were noted in clinical trials evaluating IMPAVIDO in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Monitor liver transaminases (ALT, AST) and bilirubin during therapy in patients receiving IMPAVIDO <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )]</span> .

5.5 Gastrointestinal Effects Vomiting and/or diarrhea commonly occur during IMPAVIDO administration and may result in volume depletion. Encourage fluid intake to avoid volume depletion <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )]</span> .

5.6 Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia during therapy has been reported in patients treated for visceral leishmaniasis. Monitor platelet count during therapy for visceral leishmaniasis <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 , 6.2 )]</span> .

5.7 Absorption of Oral Contraceptives Vomiting and/or diarrhea occurring during IMPAVIDO therapy may affect the absorption of oral contraceptives, and therefore compromise their efficacy. If vomiting and/or diarrhea occur during IMPAVIDO therapy, advise females to use additional non-hormonal or alternative method(s) of effective contraception.

5.8 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Stevens-Johnson syndrome has been reported during IMPAVIDO therapy. Discontinue IMPAVIDO if an exfoliative or bullous rash is noted during therapy <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )]</span> .

INTERACTIONS In vitro and animal metabolism studies showed that miltefosine did not markedly induce or inhibit the activity of the major human cytochrome P450 enzymes [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . The potential of miltefosine to interact with drug transporters has not been evaluated. IMPAVIDO did not inhibit human cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. IMPAVIDO did not induce cytochrome 3A activity in rats( 7 , 12.3 ).