APROCITENTAN: 10 Adverse Event Reports & Safety Profile

TRYVIO (aprocitentan) is an endothelin receptor antagonist. The chemical name of aprocitentan is N-[5-(4-bromophenyl)-6- [2-[(5-bromo-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]ethoxy]-4-pyrimidinyl]-sulfamide. It has a molecular formula of C 16 H 14 Br 2 N 6 O 4 S and a molecular weight of 546.2 g/mol. The structural formula is: Aprocitentan is a white to off-white powder that is insoluble in water. TRYVIO is available as film-coated 12.5 mg strength tablets for oral administration. The inactive ingredients in TRYVIO are croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, and microcrystalline cellulose. The film coating contains the following inactive ingredients: hydroxypropyl cellulose, iron oxide black, iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, polyvinyl alcohol, silica colloidal hydrated, talc, titanium dioxide, and triethyl citrate.

Chemical

Structure

AND USAGE TRYVIO, in combination with other antihypertensive drugs, is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure (BP) in adult patients who are not adequately controlled on other drugs. Lowering BP reduces the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes. There are no controlled trials demonstrating reduction of risk of these events with TRYVIO. Control of high BP should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve BP goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC). Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is BP reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly. Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher BPs, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from BP reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower BP goal. TRYVIO is an endothelin receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of hypertension in combination with other antihypertensive drugs, to lower blood pressure in adult patients who are not adequately controlled on other drugs. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. ( 1 )

AND ADMINISTRATION The recommended dosage of TRYVIO is 12.5 mg orally once daily, with or without food. ( 2.1 )

2.1 Recommended Dosage The recommended dosage of TRYVIO is 12.5 mg orally once daily. Swallow tablets whole. TRYVIO may be taken with or without food. If a dose is missed, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the regular time. Do not take two doses on the same day.

2.2 Pregnancy Testing in Females of Reproductive Potential Exclude pregnancy before initiating treatment with TRYVIO in females of reproductive potential <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Boxed Warning, Contraindications (4.1) , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) , Use in Specific Populations (8.3) ]</span> .

Pregnancy ( 4.1 ) Hypersensitivity ( 4.2 )

4.1 Pregnancy Use of TRYVIO is contraindicated in patients who are pregnant <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]</span> .

4.2 Hypersensitivity TRYVIO is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to aprocitentan or any of its excipients <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]</span> .

REACTIONS Clinically significant adverse reactions that appear in other sections of the labeling include: Embryo-fetal toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Fluid retention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Hemoglobin decrease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Decreased sperm counts [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] Most common adverse reactions (more frequent than placebo and ≥ 2% in TRYVIO-treated patients) are edema/fluid retention and anemia. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd at 1-833-400-9611 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety of TRYVIO was evaluated in a placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical study (PRECISION, NCT03541174) in adults with uncontrolled BP (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥140 mmHg) despite the use of at least three antihypertensive medications. In this study, 724 patients received any dose of aprocitentan, with 633 patients treated for at least 26 weeks, 192 patients for at least 47 weeks, and 99 patients for at least 48 weeks. The most frequently reported adverse reactions to TRYVIO during the 4-week double-blind placebo-controlled treatment period (part 1) of the PRECISION study are presented in Table 1.

Table

1 Adverse reactions reported with a frequency of ≥2% in TRYVIO-treated patients and greater (≥1%) than in placebo-treated patients during the initial 4-week double-blind placebo-controlled treatment (part 1)

Adverse Reaction

12.5 mg N = 243 % Placebo N = 242 % Edema/fluid retention 9.1

2.1 Anemia 3.7 0 Hypersensitivity Reactions During the initial 4-week double-blind placebo-controlled treatment period (part 1), 0.8% of patients experienced an adverse reaction of hypersensitivity (i.e., rash, erythema, allergic edema) on TRYVIO compared to no reports in patients treated with placebo. One patient experienced allergic dermatitis requiring hospitalization while receiving aprocitentan 25 mg.

Laboratory Tests

Initiation of TRYVIO may cause an initial small decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) that occurs within the first 6 weeks of starting therapy and then stabilizes. In the initial 4-week double-blind treatment period, TRYVIO 12.5 mg caused a mean decrease of about 0.8 g/dL in hemoglobin compared to no change in the placebo patients.

AND PRECAUTIONS ERAs cause hepatotoxicity and liver failure. Measure serum aminotransferase levels and total bilirubin prior to initiation of treatment and repeat periodically during treatment and as clinically indicated. ( 5.2 ) Fluid retention may require intervention ( 5.3 ) Decreases in hemoglobin ( 5.4 ) Decreased sperm counts ( 5.5 )

5.1 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Based on data from animal reproduction studies with endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), TRYVIO may cause fetal harm when administered during pregnancy and is contraindicated for use in patients who are pregnant. The available human data for endothelin receptor antagonists do not establish the presence or absence of fetal harm related to the use of TRYVIO. Counsel patients who can become pregnant about the potential risk to a fetus. Obtain a pregnancy test prior to initiation of treatment with TRYVIO. Advise patients who can become pregnant to use effective contraception prior to initiation of treatment with TRYVIO, during treatment, and for one month after the final dose of TRYVIO. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue TRYVIO as soon as possible <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Contraindications (4.1) , Use in Specific Populations (8.1 , 8.3) ]</span> .

5.2 Hepatotoxicity Elevations of aminotransferases and hepatotoxicity are known effects of ERAs, including TRYVIO. Elevations in alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of greater than 5-fold upper limit of normal (ULN) were observed rarely in patients treated with aprocitentan in the clinical trial, including cases with positive rechallenge. There were no reports of patients with ALT and/or AST &gt;3 × ULN and total bilirubin &gt;2 × ULN or cases of liver failure observed in TRYVIO-treated patients in the clinical trials. To reduce the risk of potential serious hepatotoxicity, measure serum aminotransferase levels and total bilirubin prior to initiation of treatment and repeat during treatment periodically and as clinically indicated. Do not initiate TRYVIO in patients with elevated aminotransferases (&gt;3 × ULN) or moderate to severe hepatic impairment. Advise patients with symptoms suggesting hepatotoxicity (nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain, fatigue, anorexia, scleral icterus, jaundice, dark urine, fever, or itching) to immediately stop treatment with TRYVIO and seek medical attention. If sustained, unexplained, clinically relevant aminotransferase elevations occur, or if elevations are accompanied by an increase in bilirubin &gt;2 × ULN, or if clinical symptoms of hepatotoxicity occur, discontinue TRYVIO.

5.3 Fluid Retention Fluid retention and peripheral edema are known effects of ERAs, including TRYVIO <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]</span> . Edema/fluid retention was reported in 9% of TRYVIO-treated patients compared with 18% of patients receiving aprocitentan 25 mg (twice the recommended dose) and 2% on placebo in the clinical trial, requiring additional diuretic use in some patients. Older age and chronic kidney disease are risk factors for edema/fluid retention with TRYVIO. TRYVIO has not been studied in patients with heart failure New York Heart Association stage III–IV, unstable cardiac function, or with NTproBNP ≥500 pg/mL. TRYVIO is not recommended in these patients. Monitor for signs and symptoms of fluid retention, weight gain, and worsening heart failure. If clinically significant fluid retention develops, treat appropriately, and consider discontinuation of TRYVIO.

5.4 Hemoglobin Decrease Decreases in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit have occurred following administration of other ERAs and were observed in the clinical trial with TRYVIO. Hemoglobin decreases usually presented early, stabilized thereafter, and were reversible after discontinuation. A decrease in hemoglobin of &gt;2 g/dL from baseline was observed in 7% of patients compared to 1% of placebo patients. A decrease to below 10.0 g/dL was observed in 3% of TRYVIO-treated patients compared to 0 patients taking placebo. Initiation of TRYVIO is not recommended in patients with severe anemia. Measure hemoglobin prior to initiation of treatment and periodically during treatment as clinically indicated <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]</span> .

5.5 Decreased Sperm Counts TRYVIO, like other ERAs, may have an adverse effect on spermatogenesis. Counsel men about potential effects on fertility <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Use in Specific Populations (8.3) and Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ]</span> .