EPLERENONE: 3,736 Adverse Event Reports & Safety Profile

Eplerenone Tablets contain eplerenone, a blocker of aldosterone binding at the mineralocorticoid receptor. Eplerenone is chemically described as Pregn-4-ene-7,21-dicarboxylic acid, 9,11-epoxy-17-hydroxy-3-oxo-, γ-lactone, methyl ester, (7α,11α, 17α)-. Its empirical formula is C 24 H 30 O 6 and it has a molecular weight of 414.50. The structural formula of eplerenone is represented below: eplerenone Eplerenone is an odorless, white to off-white crystalline powder. It is very slightly soluble in water, with its solubility essentially pH-independent. The octanol/water partition coefficient of eplerenone is approximately 7.1 at pH 7.0.

Eplerenone

Tablets for oral administration contain 25 mg or 50 mg of eplerenone and the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, D&C Yellow No. 10, FD&C Yellow No. 6, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, red iron oxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, titanium dioxide, and yellow iron oxide.

Chemical

Structure

AND USAGE Eplerenone is an aldosterone antagonist indicated for: Improving survival of stable adult patients with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) after an acute myocardial infarction. (1.1) The treatment of hypertension in adults, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. ( 1.2 )

1.1 Heart Failure Post-Myocardial Infarction Eplerenone is indicated to improve survival of stable adult patients with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (≤40%) (HFrEF) after an acute myocardial infarction (MI).

1.2 Hypertension Eplerenone tablets are indicated for the treatment of hypertension in adults, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular (CV) events, primarily strokes and MI. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes. Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive CV risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive CV risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC). Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce CV morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent CV outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in MI and CV mortality also have been seen regularly.Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce CV morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent CV outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in MI and CV mortality also have been seen regularly. Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased CV risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased CV risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal. Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy. Eplerenone may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.

AND ADMINISTRATION HFrEF Post-MI: Initiate treatment with 25 mg once daily. Titrate to maximum of 50 mg once daily within 4 weeks, as tolerated. Dose adjustments may be required based on potassium levels. ( 2.1 ) Hypertension: 50 mg once daily, alone or combined with other antihypertensive agents. For inadequate response, increase to 50 mg twice daily. Higher dosages are not recommended. ( 2.2 ) For all patients: Measure serum potassium before starting eplerenone tablets and periodically thereafter. ( 2.3 )

2.1 Heart Failure Post-Myocardial Infarction Initiate treatment at 25 mg once daily and titrate to the recommended dose of 50 mg once daily, preferably within 4 weeks as tolerated by the patient. Once treatment with eplerenone has begun, adjust the dose based on the serum potassium level as shown in Table 1.

Table

1.

Dose

Adjustment in Heart Failure Post-MI Serum Potassium (mEq/L)

Dose

Adjustment less than 5.0 25 mg every other day to 25 mg once daily 25 mg once daily to 50 mg once daily 5.0 to

5.4 No adjustment 5.5 to 5.9 50 mg once daily to 25 mg once daily 25 mg once daily to 25 mg every other day 25 mg every other day to withhold greater than or equal to

6.0 Withhold and restart at 25 mg every other day when potassium levels fall to less than 5.5 mEq/L

2.2 Hypertension The recommended starting dose of eplerenone tablet is 50 mg administered once daily. The full therapeutic effect of eplerenone is apparent within 4 weeks. For patients with an inadequate blood pressure response to 50 mg once daily increase the dosage of eplerenone tablets to 50 mg twice daily. Higher dosages of eplerenone are not recommended because they have no greater effect on blood pressure than 100 mg and are associated with an increased risk of hyperkalemia <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see CLINICAL STUDIES (14.2) ]</span>.

2.3 Recommended Monitoring Measure serum potassium before initiating eplerenone therapy, within the first week, and at one month after the start of treatment or dose adjustment. Assess serum potassium periodically thereafter. Check serum potassium and serum creatinine within 3 to 7 days of a patient initiating a moderate CYP3A inhibitor ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-II blockers or non-steroidal-anti-inflammatories.

2.4 Dose Modifications for Use with Moderate CYP3A Inhibitors In post-MI HFrEF patients receiving a moderate CYP3A inhibitor (e.g., erythromycin, saquinavir, verapamil, and fluconazole), do not exceed 25 mg once daily. In patients with hypertension receiving a moderate CYP3A inhibitor, initiate at 25 mg once daily. For inadequate blood pressure response, dosing may be increased to a maximum of 25 mg twice daily <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7.1) ]</span>.

For all patients:

• Serum potassium greater than 5.5 mEq/L at initiation ( 4 )
• Creatinine clearance less than or equal to 30 mL/min ( 4 )
• Concomitant use with strong CYP3A inhibitors ( 4 , 7.1 ) For the treatment of hypertension:
• Type 2 diabetes with microalbuminuria ( 4 )
• Serum creatinine greater than 2.0 mg/dL in males, greater than 1.8 mg/dL in females ( 4 )
• Creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min ( 4 )
• Concomitant use of potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics ( 4 ) For all patients: Eplerenone is contraindicated in all patients with:
• serum potassium greater than 5.5 mEq/L at initiation,
• creatinine clearance less than or equal to 30 mL/min, or
• concomitant administration of strong CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, nefazodone, troleandomycin, clarithromycin, ritonavir, and nelfinavir) [see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7.1) , CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3) ], For Patients Treated for Hypertension Eplerenone is contraindicated for the treatment of hypertension in patients with:
• type 2 diabetes with microalbuminuria,
• serum creatinine greater than 2.0 mg/dL in males or greater than 1.8 mg/dL in females,
• creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min, or
• concomitant administration of potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., amiloride, spironolactone, or triamterene) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1) , ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.2) , DRUG INTERACTIONS (7) , and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3) ].

REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling: Hyperkalemia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1) ] HFrEF Post-MI: Most common adverse reactions (greater than 2% and more frequent than with placebo): hyperkalemia and increased creatinine. ( 6.1 ) Hypertension: In clinical studies, adverse reactions with eplerenone were uncommon. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact AvKARE at 1-855-361-3993 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Heart Failure

Post-Myocardial Infarction In EPHESUS, safety was evaluated in 3,307 patients treated with eplerenone and 3,301 placebo-treated patients. The overall incidence of adverse events reported with eplerenone (78.9%) was similar to placebo (79.5%). Adverse events occurred at a similar rate regardless of age, gender, or race. Patients discontinued treatment due to an adverse event at similar rates in either treatment group (4.4% eplerenone vs. 4.3% placebo), with the most common reasons for discontinuation being hyperkalemia, MI, and abnormal renal function. Adverse reactions that occurred more frequently in patients treated with eplerenone than placebo were hyperkalemia (3.4% vs. 2.0%) and increased creatinine (2.4% vs. 1.5%). Discontinuations due to hyperkalemia or abnormal renal function were less than 1.0% in both groups.

Hypertension

Eplerenone has been evaluated for safety in 3,091 patients treated for hypertension. A total of 690 patients were treated for over 6 months and 106 patients were treated for over 1 year. In placebo-controlled studies, the overall rates of adverse events were 47% with eplerenone and 45% with placebo. Adverse events occurred at a similar rate regardless of age, gender, or race. Therapy was discontinued due to an adverse event in 3% of patients treated with eplerenone and 3% of patients given placebo. The most common reasons for discontinuation of eplerenone were headache, dizziness, angina pectoris/MI, and increased GGT. Gynecomastia and abnormal vaginal bleeding were reported with eplerenone but not with placebo. The rates increased with increasing duration of therapy.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of eplerenone. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Skin: angioneurotic edema, rash

6.3 Clinical Laboratory Test Findings Heart Failure Post-Myocardial Infarction Creatinine: Increases of more than 0.5 mg/dL were reported for 6.5% of patients administered eplerenone and for 4.9% of placebo-treated patients. Potassium: In EPHESUS <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see CLINICAL STUDIES (14.1) ]</span> , the frequencies of patients with changes in potassium (less than 3.5 mEq/L or greater than 5.5 mEq/L or greater than or equal to 6.0 mEq/L) receiving eplerenone compared with placebo are displayed in Table 2.

Table

2. Hypokalemia (less than 3.5 mEq/L) or Hyperkalemia (greater than 5.5 or greater than or equal to 6.0 mEq/L) in EPHESUS Potassium (mEq/L) Eplerenone (N=3,251) n (%) Placebo (N=3,237) n (%) Rates of hyperkalemia increased with decreasing renal function. less than 3.5 273 (8.4) 424 (13.1) greater than 5.5 508 (15.6) 363 (11.2) Greater than or equal to 6.0 180 (5.5) 126 (3.9)

Table

3. Rates of Hyperkalemia (greater than 5.5 mEq/L) in EPHESUS by Baseline Creatinine Clearance Estimated using the Cockroft-Gault formula.

Baseline Creatinine Clearance

Eplerenone (N=508) n (%) Placebo (N=363) n (%) less than or equal to 30 mL/min 160 (32) 82 (23) 31 mL/min to 50 mL/min 122 (24) 46 (13) 51mL/min to 70 mL/min 86 (17) 48 (13) greater than 70 mL/min 56 (11) 32 (9) The rates of hyperkalemia in EPHESUS in the eplerenone treated group vs. placebo were increased in patients with proteinuria (16% vs 11%), diabetes (18% vs 13%) or both (26% vs 16%).

Hypertension

Potassium: In placebo-controlled fixed-dose studies, the mean increases in serum potassium were dose-related and are shown in Table 4 along with the frequencies of values greater than 5.5 mEq/L.

Table

4. Increases in Serum Potassium in the Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose Hypertension Studies of Eplerenone Mean Increase mEq/L % greater than 5.5 mEq/L Daily Dosage n Placebo 194 0 1 25 97 0.08 0 50 245 0.14 0 100 193 0.09 1 To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS contact AvKARE at 1-855-361-3993; email [email protected]; or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

AND PRECAUTIONS

• Hyperkalemia : Patients with decreased renal function, diabetes, proteinuria or patients who are taking ACEs and ARBs, NSAIDs or moderate CYP3A inhibitors are at increased risk. Monitor serum potassium levels and adjust dose as needed. ( 5.1 )

5.1 Hyperkalemia The risk of hyperkalemia is higher in patients with impaired renal function, proteinuria, diabetes and those concomitantly treated with ACEs, ARBs, NSAIDs and moderate CYP3A inhibitors. Minimize the risk of hyperkalemia with proper patient selection and monitoring <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Dosage and Administration (2.1) , Contraindications (4) , Adverse Reactions (6.2) , and Drug Interactions (7) ]</span> . Monitor patients for the development of hyperkalemia until the effect of eplerenone tablets is established. Patients who develop hyperkalemia (5.5 to 5.9 mEq/L) may continue eplerenone tablets therapy with proper dose adjustment. Dose reduction decreases potassium levels. Patients on moderate CYP3A inhibitors that cannot be avoided should have their dose of eplerenone reduced <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Drug Interactions (7.2) ]</span>.

INTERACTIONS

• CYP3A Inhibitors: In post-MI HFrEF patients, do not exceed 25 mg once daily when used with moderate CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., verapamil, erythromycin, saquinavir, fluconazole). In patients with hypertension, initiate at 25 mg once daily. For inadequate blood pressure response, dosing may be increased to a maximum of 25 mg twice daily. ( 2.4 , 7.1 , 12.3 )

7.1 CYP3A Inhibitors Eplerenone metabolism is predominantly mediated via CYP3A. Do not use eplerenone tablets with drugs that are strong inhibitors of CYP3A <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Contraindications (4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]</span>. In post-MI HFrEF patients taking a moderate CYP3A inhibitor, do not exceed 25 mg once daily. In patients with hypertension taking a moderate CYP3A inhibitor, initiate at 25 mg once daily. For inadequate blood pressure response, dosing may be increased to a maximum of 25 mg twice daily <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Dosage and Administration (2.3, 2.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]</span>.

7.2 ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists The risk of hyperkalemia increases when eplerenone is used in combination with an ACE inhibitor and/or an ARB. A close monitoring of serum potassium and renal function is recommended, especially in patients at risk for impaired renal function, e.g., the elderly <span class="opacity-50 text-xs">[see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]</span>.

7.3 Lithium A drug interaction study of eplerenone with lithium has not been conducted. Lithium toxicity has been reported in patients receiving lithium concomitantly with diuretics and ACE inhibitors. Serum lithium levels should be monitored frequently if eplerenone tablets is administered concomitantly with lithium.

7.4 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) A drug interaction study of eplerenone with an NSAID has not been conducted. The administration of other potassium-sparing antihypertensives with NSAIDs has been shown to reduce the antihypertensive effect in some patients and result in severe hyperkalemia in patients with impaired renal function. Therefore, when eplerenone tablets and NSAIDs are used concomitantly, monitor blood pressure and serum potassium levels.